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	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=The_Early_Modern_English_Period&amp;diff=18449</id>
		<title>The Early Modern English Period</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=The_Early_Modern_English_Period&amp;diff=18449"/>
		<updated>2015-03-31T20:02:03Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Daria.Redchitc: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
1. '''Discuss the interplay between politics and the development of English in the period.'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The period of the Tudors was relatively peaceful which provided the circumstances for economic stability and growth. The centre of market was London and South East where many people migrated (=&amp;gt; dialect contact). The stability of the period also contributed to standardization of the language (compare to the unrest of the 15th century when people did not care about the language that much). The rule of the Stuarts led to the Civil War and, consequently, to Commonwealth: theatres were closed, the whole set of social norms became extremely Puritanic. With the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 the situation radically changed, there was more freedom. Besides, the new king, Charles II, brought French back in fashion (=&amp;gt; loan words). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It was agreed that ''the standard English would be based upon Southern dialects'', particularly upon the speech of the well-bred and well-educated. This led to the split between a highly prescriptive, 'correct', ''Standard English'' (for writing) and the colloquial ''General English'' (a covert norm). Since dialect contact offered sets of linguistic alternatives, the choice made by the speaker turned out to be a ''marker'' of his identity. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. '''Discuss the interplay between religion and the development of English in the period.'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although Latin still was the language of the Church, the influence of Lutheran Reformation on the Continent could not be ignored. William Tyndale, inspired by the example of Martin Luther, translated the New Testament (his base were Greek and Hebrew texts, not their Latin translation). His translation was influential due to printing and due to the fact that later translations drew on his. From the linguistic point of view, religious texts were quite conservative. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since Puritanism and Quakerism, flourishing at the time, were reflections of the concerns of the middle and the lower classes respectively, and people of these classes rarely knew Latin, their growing influence meant the growing influence — and usage — of English. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. '''Assess the role on the following fields in the development of English in the period.''' &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
a) '''technology''': public spelling was determined by printers. At that point all the letters in ''the alphabet''''' '''are familiar to the present day speaker of English, although their use somewhat differed. Another important point is that the clients of printers usually belonged to the middle class and they rarely knew any Latin; that is why printers ''preferred to publish books in English''. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
b) '''science''': Scientists mostly used the classical languages (=&amp;gt; borrowings from Latin), not so much for the sake of style but because terms seldom had English equivalents; besides, Latin and Greek terms were more preferable in terms of international discourse. The Royal Society, established in 1662, decided to improve the language; it was influential due to the style of writing which was short and factual.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
c) '''translation''':  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
d) '''literature''': &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
5.  '''The Great Vowel Shift''' &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;GRAMLEY STEPHAN. The history of English: an introduction. New York: Routledge, 2012, xxv, 123-154 pp.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* mismatch between spelling and pronunciation: begun in ME, spelling fixed by early XVI century, but the sound kept changing). &lt;br /&gt;
* change of quality of all long vowels (stressed syllables)&lt;br /&gt;
* standardization of the language: synthetic -&amp;gt; analytic &lt;br /&gt;
* most significant of all phonological developments in English&lt;br /&gt;
* change in pronunciaion of verb tense&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;glottopedia.org&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;[[File:350px-GVS.jpg|400px]]&lt;br /&gt;
6. '''What kind of social relationship does the usage of singular you and thou reflect in Elizabethan society?'''&lt;br /&gt;
* used to express power relations&lt;br /&gt;
* ''thou ''becoming an exceptional form&lt;br /&gt;
* ''you ''used in order to show respect (everyone regarded due to his/her social status)&lt;br /&gt;
** children addressing their parent as ''you ''and being addressed as ''thou''&lt;br /&gt;
* Bruti: use of you/thou based on social distance and emotional attitude&lt;br /&gt;
** inferiors addressed as ''thou'', equals as ''you/thou'' and superiors as ''you''&lt;br /&gt;
** anger/contempt or familiarity/intimacy expressed by the use of ''thou'', neutrality/indifference with ''you''&lt;br /&gt;
7. '''Explain the terms:'''&lt;br /&gt;
* '''koineization''' is dialect levelling due to the dialect contact&lt;br /&gt;
* '''prescriptivism '''is &amp;quot;a view of language which is largely motivated by the move to define what is 'correct' and to condenm what is, consequently, 'incorrect'.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chapter resources for ''The History of English: The Introduction ''by Stephan Gramley http://cw.routledge.com/textbooks/gramley-9780415566407/downloads/chapters/05/links-05.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* '''codification '''is the process of standardasing and developing a norm &lt;br /&gt;
* '''hard words (inkhorn terms)''' — a derogatory way to refer to the new words which have Latin origin, hence their meaning is opaque&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Daria.Redchitc</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=The_Early_Modern_English_Period&amp;diff=18448</id>
		<title>The Early Modern English Period</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=The_Early_Modern_English_Period&amp;diff=18448"/>
		<updated>2015-03-31T19:27:35Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Daria.Redchitc: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
1. '''Discuss the interplay between politics and the development of English in the period.'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The period of the Tudors was relatively peaceful which provided the circumstances for economic stability and growth. The centre of market was London and South East where many people migrated (=&amp;gt; dialect contact). The stability of the period also contributed to standardization of the language (compare to the unrest of the 15th century when people did not care about the language that much). The rule of the Stuarts led to the Civil War and, consequently, to Commonwealth: theatres were closed, the whole set of social norms became extremely Puritanic. With the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 the situation radically changed, there was more freedom. Besides, the new king, Charles II, brought French back in fashion (=&amp;gt; loan words). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. '''Discuss the interplay between religion and the development of English in the period.'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although Latin still was the language of the Church, the influence of Lutheran Reformation on the Continent could not be ignored. William Tyndale, inspired by the example of Martin Luther, translated the New Testament (his base were Greek and Hebrew texts, not their Latin translation). His translation was influential due to printing and due to the fact that later translations drew on his. From the linguistic point of view, religious texts were quite conservative. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Since Puritanism and Quakerism, flourishing at the time, were reflections of the concerns of the middle and the lower classes respectively, and people of these classes rarely knew Latin, their growing influence meant the growing influence — and usage — of English. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. '''Assess the role on the following fields in the development of English in the period.''' &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
a) '''technology''': public spelling was determined by printers. At that point all the letters in ''the alphabet''''' '''are familiar to the present day speaker of English, although their use somewhat differed. Another important point is that the clients of printers usually belonged to the middle class and they rarely knew any Latin; that is why printers ''preferred to publish books in English''. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
b) '''science''': Scientists mostly used the classical languages (=&amp;gt; borrowings from Latin), not so much for the sake of style but because terms seldom had English equivalents; besides, Latin and Greek terms were more preferable in terms of international discourse. Royal Society, established in 1662, decided to improve the language; it was influential due to the style of writing which was short and factual.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
c) '''translation''':  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
d) '''literature''': &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
5.  '''The Great Vowel Shift''' &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;GRAMLEY STEPHAN. The history of English: an introduction. New York: Routledge, 2012, xxv, 123-154 pp.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* mismatch between spelling and pronunciation: begun in ME, spelling fixed by early XVI century, but the sound kept changing). &lt;br /&gt;
* change of quality of all long vowels (stressed syllables)&lt;br /&gt;
* standardization of the language: synthetic -&amp;gt; analytic &lt;br /&gt;
* most significant of all phonological developments in English&lt;br /&gt;
* change in pronunciaion of verb tense&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;glottopedia.org&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;[[File:350px-GVS.jpg|400px]]&lt;br /&gt;
6. '''What kind of social relationship does the usage of singular you and thou reflect in Elizabethan society?'''&lt;br /&gt;
* used to express power relations&lt;br /&gt;
* ''thou ''becoming an exceptional form&lt;br /&gt;
* ''you ''used in order to show respect (everyone regarded due to his/her social status)&lt;br /&gt;
** children addressing their parent as ''you ''and being addressed as ''thou''&lt;br /&gt;
* Bruti: use of you/thou based on social distance and emotional attitude&lt;br /&gt;
** inferiors addressed as ''thou'', equals as ''you/thou'' and superiors as ''you''&lt;br /&gt;
** anger/contempt or familiarity/intimacy expressed by the use of ''thou'', neutrality/indifference with ''you''&lt;br /&gt;
7. '''Explain the terms:'''&lt;br /&gt;
* '''koineization''' is dialect levelling due to the dialect contact&lt;br /&gt;
* '''prescriptivism '''is &amp;quot;a view of language which is largely motivated by the move to define what is 'correct' and to condenm what is, consequently, 'incorrect'.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chapter resources for ''The History of English: The Introduction ''by Stephan Gramley http://cw.routledge.com/textbooks/gramley-9780415566407/downloads/chapters/05/links-05.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* '''codification '''is the process of standardasing and developing a norm &lt;br /&gt;
* '''hard words (inkhorn terms)''' — a derogatory way to refer to the new words which have Latin origin, hence their meaning is opaque&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Daria.Redchitc</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=The_Early_Modern_English_Period&amp;diff=18447</id>
		<title>The Early Modern English Period</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=The_Early_Modern_English_Period&amp;diff=18447"/>
		<updated>2015-03-31T19:04:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Daria.Redchitc: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
1. '''Discuss the interplay between politics and the development of English in the period.'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The period of the Tudors was relatively peaceful which provided the circumstances for economic stability and growth. The centre of market was London and South East where many people migrated (=&amp;gt; dialect contact). The stability of the period also contributed to standardization of the language (compare to the unrest of the 15th century when people did not care about the language that much). The rule of the Stuarts led to the Civil War and, consequently, to Commonwealth: theatres were closed, the whole set of social norms became extremely Puritanic. With the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 the situation radically changed, there was more freedom. Besides, the new king, Charles II, brought French back in fashion (=&amp;gt; loan words). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. '''Discuss the interplay between religion and the development of English in the period.'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although Latin still was the language of the Church, the influence of Lutheran Reformation on the Continent could not be ignored. William Tyndale, inspired by the example of Martin Luther, translated the New Testament (his base were Greek and Hebrew texts, not their Latin translation). His translation was influential due to printing and due to the fact that later translations drew on his. From the linguistic point of view, religious texts were quite conservative. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
5.  '''The Great Vowel Shift''' &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;GRAMLEY STEPHAN. The history of English: an introduction. New York: Routledge, 2012, xxv, 123-154 pp.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* mismatch between spelling and pronunciation: begun in ME, spelling fixed by early XVI century, but the sound kept changing). &lt;br /&gt;
* change of quality of all long vowels (stressed syllables)&lt;br /&gt;
* standardization of the language: synthetic -&amp;gt; analytic &lt;br /&gt;
* most significant of all phonological developments in English&lt;br /&gt;
* change in pronunciaion of verb tense&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;glottopedia.org&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;[[File:350px-GVS.jpg|400px]]&lt;br /&gt;
6. '''What kind of social relationship does the usage of singular you and thou reflect in Elizabethan society?'''&lt;br /&gt;
* used to express power relations&lt;br /&gt;
* ''thou ''becoming an exceptional form&lt;br /&gt;
* ''you ''used in order to show respect (everyone regarded due to his/her social status)&lt;br /&gt;
** children addressing their parent as ''you ''and being addressed as ''thou''&lt;br /&gt;
* Bruti: use of you/thou based on social distance and emotional attitude&lt;br /&gt;
** inferiors addressed as ''thou'', equals as ''you/thou'' and superiors as ''you''&lt;br /&gt;
** anger/contempt or familiarity/intimacy expressed by the use of ''thou'', neutrality/indifference with ''you''&lt;br /&gt;
7. '''Explain the terms:'''&lt;br /&gt;
* '''koineization''' is dialect levelling due to the dialect contact&lt;br /&gt;
* '''prescriptivism '''is &amp;quot;a view of language which is largely motivated by the move to define what is 'correct' and to condenm what is, consequently, 'incorrect'.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chapter resources for ''The History of English: The Introduction ''by Stephan Gramley http://cw.routledge.com/textbooks/gramley-9780415566407/downloads/chapters/05/links-05.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* '''codification '''is the process of standardasing and developing a norm &lt;br /&gt;
* '''hard words (inkhorn terms)''' — a derogatory way to refer to the new words which have Latin origin, hence their meaning is opaque&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Daria.Redchitc</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=The_Early_Modern_English_Period&amp;diff=18446</id>
		<title>The Early Modern English Period</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=The_Early_Modern_English_Period&amp;diff=18446"/>
		<updated>2015-03-31T18:41:36Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Daria.Redchitc: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
5.  '''The Great Vowel Shift''' &amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;GRAMLEY STEPHAN. The history of English: an introduction. New York: Routledge, 2012, xxv, 123-154 pp.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* mismatch between spelling and pronunciation: begun in ME, spelling fixed by early XVI century, but the sound kept changing). &lt;br /&gt;
* change of quality of all long vowels (stressed syllables)&lt;br /&gt;
* standardization of the language: synthetic -&amp;gt; analytic &lt;br /&gt;
* most significant of all phonological developments in English&lt;br /&gt;
* change in pronunciaion of verb tense&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;glottopedia.org&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;[[File:350px-GVS.jpg|400px]]&lt;br /&gt;
6. '''What kind of social relationship does the usage of singular you and thou reflect in Elizabethan society?'''&lt;br /&gt;
* used to express power relations&lt;br /&gt;
* ''thou ''becoming an exceptional form&lt;br /&gt;
* ''you ''used in order to show respect (everyone regarded due to his/her social status)&lt;br /&gt;
** children addressing their parent as ''you ''and being addressed as ''thou''&lt;br /&gt;
* Bruti: use of you/thou based on social distance and emotional attitude&lt;br /&gt;
** inferiors addressed as ''thou'', equals as ''you/thou'' and superiors as ''you''&lt;br /&gt;
** anger/contempt or familiarity/intimacy expressed by the use of ''thou'', neutrality/indifference with ''you''&lt;br /&gt;
7. '''Explain the terms:'''&lt;br /&gt;
* '''koineization''' is dialect levelling due to the dialect contact&lt;br /&gt;
* '''prescriptivism '''is &amp;quot;a view of language which is largely motivated by the move to define what is 'correct' and to condenm what is, consequently, 'incorrect'.&amp;quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chapter resources for ''The History of English: The Introduction ''by Stephan Gramley http://cw.routledge.com/textbooks/gramley-9780415566407/downloads/chapters/05/links-05.pdf&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* '''codification '''is the process of standardasing and developing a norm &lt;br /&gt;
* '''hard words (inkhorn terms)''' — a derogatory way to refer to the new words which have Latin origin, hence their meaning is opaque&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Daria.Redchitc</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Old_English:_The_Viking_invasions_and_their_consequences&amp;diff=7902</id>
		<title>Old English: The Viking invasions and their consequences</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Old_English:_The_Viking_invasions_and_their_consequences&amp;diff=7902"/>
		<updated>2014-11-10T17:44:45Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Daria.Redchitc: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''1.	Characterize the nature of Viking raids and Viking settlement in England.'''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. New York: Routledge, 2012, xxv, p. 46-52&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Viking raids (787+)'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Reasons for the Vikings leaving their home:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- over-population&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- too few natural resources&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- primogeniture system&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Nature of the raids = similar like the Anglo-Saxons'&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- pillaging and burning of the coast + returning home with gold, silver, slaves etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Monasteries sacked and manuscripts destroyed in Lindisfarne, Jarrow and Iona (793-795)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Viking settlement (850+)'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Less raids, more settling - Danish Vikings in large parts of North and East England, Norwegian Vikings in Western Scotland + parts of Ireland =&amp;gt; farms established =&amp;gt; territorial conflict between inhabitants + newcomers, BUT no forced removal of Celts as the Anglo-Saxons have done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	West Saxon kings undertook defense against the Danes, ex. Æthelwulf (recorded as a descendant of Seth, the son of biblical Adam) in 854 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Æthelwulf’s son Alfred the Great of Wessex (initiator of the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'') stopped the advance of Danish Vikings at battle of Edington in 878&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Peace under Treaty of Wedmore:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1)	Stable boundary set between kingdom of Wessex and Danelaw (Northumbria, East Mercia &amp;amp; East Anglia)   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2)	The defeated Danish king of East Anglia Guthrum became Christian  (= step towards assimilation of Viking conquerors)&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
•	Æthelstan (Alfred’s grandson) helped the West Saxons reconquer territories in Danelaw and then in whole England &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Settlements of Danes and Anglo-Saxons = relative proximity, similar ways of life, bilingualism&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Eventual renewed attacks by the Danes =&amp;gt; establishment of Danish king over all England: Sweyn Forkbeard &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Æthelstan put into exile&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- His son Cnut (= king of Denmark and Norway) ended Danish raids, though not Danish claims to the throne&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Official language at court: English, x Danish&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Compare OE borrowings from Latin and ON. '''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Latin borrowings = mainly religious (''bishop, Saturday etc'') &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Borrowings/loan words from ON  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	War + maritime: ''ransaka'' “ransack”, ''dreng ''“warrior”  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	Legal + administration:'' laga'' “law”, ''hūsting'' “tribunal” &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	Common verbs: ''get, want, call'' &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	Bodily features: ''leg, freckles, skin'' &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	Farm &amp;amp; animal terms:'' bull, egg, axletree'' &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	Life: ''birth, slaughter, die'' &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	Relations: ''sister, husband'' &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	BUT ex. ON ''taka'' “take” replaced OE ''niman'', but “nim” = “nimble” (= stealing in PDE) &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
•	Most loan words adopted in OE do not appear in writing until ME  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	Reason: lack of a literary tradition in Danelaw&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''2.Characterize the Scandinavian element of English lexicon on phonological level.'''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. New York: Routledge, 2012, xxv, p. 53-54.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Although the words in OE and ON were identical in many cases, the sound changes have led to distinctions: &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
a.	Proto-Germanic /sk/ remained /sk/ in Norse, but became /ʃ/ in OE. Numerous words in ModE with the consonant cluster /sk/ come ultimately from ON: ''skirt ''(vs. native ''shirt''), ''shrub ''(vs. ''scrub''), ''scatter ''(vs. ''shatter''), but also ''skin'', ''sky'', ''skill''; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
b.	/g/ for /j/ as in ''give ''(OE ''giefan ''with in initial /j/) or ''egg ''(OE ''ey'');&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
c.	/k/ for OE /tʃ/ as in ''kid ''(OE ''cild'') or ''kirk ''(OE ''cirice'');&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
d.	Proto-Germanic /ai/ became /ei/ in Norse, but /o:/ in OE in the ModE pairs ''nay-no, hale-whole, raid-road'');&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
e.	Proto-Germanic /au/ remained ON /au/ but became OE /e:a/ as in ''lauss ''(&amp;gt; ModE ''loose'') vs. ''lēas ''(&amp;gt; ModE –less, e.g. ''hopeless''). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Less frequent pronunciation differences: loss of initial w- (cf. ''Ulf ''vs. ''Wulf'') or the so called metathesis (ON ''brenna ''vs. OE ''biernan ''“burn”). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''3. Summarize changes in the system of inflectional morphology (including the pronominal system) in this period.''' &lt;br /&gt;
# loss of grammatical gender; &lt;br /&gt;
# simplification of gender, number and case agreement in adjectives, qualifiers, quantifiers and demonstratives; &lt;br /&gt;
# the general loss od dative and genetive plural cases. &lt;br /&gt;
* introduction of '-es' ending in 3rd person sg, Present Tense &lt;br /&gt;
* 3rd person pl pronouns now begin with 'th-' &lt;br /&gt;
* feminine sg nominative: hēo &amp;gt; seō, where /s/ was later palatalized into /ʃ/ &lt;br /&gt;
'''4. Summarize the main syntactic changes during this period.'''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Gramley, Stephan. The History of English: An Introduction. New York: Routledge, 2012, xxv, p. 56&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
* Mainly relative pronouns/particles&lt;br /&gt;
** Ϸe (that/who) used in OE for all antecedents regardless of case and number &lt;br /&gt;
** ON contributed to the use of relative particle ''as ''that came from Norse ''som''&lt;br /&gt;
*** As in ''the man as came yesterday'' (more common in northern English dialects)&lt;br /&gt;
** Zero relative appears&lt;br /&gt;
*** As in ''the man I [zero] saw yesterday'' &lt;br /&gt;
*** Was probably used even before the Viking invasions, but even though it is a rare construction it appears both in English and Danish, which is interesting &lt;br /&gt;
**** The languages also share “preposition stranding” &lt;br /&gt;
***** A construction where the preposition can be moved away from the relative &lt;br /&gt;
***** E.g. ''a construction in which the relative is fronted'' X ''a'' ''construction which the relative is fronted in''  &lt;br /&gt;
* Verb phrase &lt;br /&gt;
** In OE complex verb forms (such as the perfect, the progressive, the will-future, auxiliary do) were not common, but they are in ME &lt;br /&gt;
*** It is debatable how much was their appearance in ME influenced by ON &lt;br /&gt;
*** It might also be caused the disappearance of the West Saxon written standard under the Normans &lt;br /&gt;
*** In either case it is also possible that it was influenced by the vernacular during the absence of a unified language form (whether in Danelaw or Norman England)&lt;br /&gt;
'''References'''&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Daria.Redchitc</name></author>
		
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