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	<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&amp;feedformat=atom&amp;user=Magdalena.Maratova</id>
	<title>Wikisofia - Příspěvky uživatele [cs]</title>
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	<updated>2026-05-11T17:50:01Z</updated>
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	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=English_in_Great_Britain_since_1700&amp;diff=18888</id>
		<title>English in Great Britain since 1700</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=English_in_Great_Britain_since_1700&amp;diff=18888"/>
		<updated>2015-04-18T19:30:45Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Magdalena.Maratova: /* 2.➞Comment on the history of English spelling reforms. What and how were they trying to accomplish. What were their results */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;=== 2.	Comment on the history of English spelling reforms. What and how were they trying to accomplish. What were their results ===&lt;br /&gt;
 - Spelling conventions of ModE different from EModE&lt;br /&gt;
 - The accepted changes were the following:&lt;br /&gt;
             - Lower case letters for all but proper nouns, adjectives and verbs ''(Britain, Welsh, Anglicize'')&lt;br /&gt;
             - The “long” &amp;lt;ɾ&amp;gt; as in “ɾpeech” disappeared&lt;br /&gt;
             - The &amp;lt;k&amp;gt; at the ends of words like Teutonick disappeared too&lt;br /&gt;
 - Variety of movements which wanted to change English ortography:&lt;br /&gt;
             - wanted the one-to-one relationship between phoneme and letters in the alphabet&lt;br /&gt;
             - alphabetic principle was more or less maintained (except for Pitman shorthand and Lodwick's Universal Alphabet)&lt;br /&gt;
 - &amp;quot;New Spelling&amp;quot; by Simplified Spelling Society of Great Britain:&lt;br /&gt;
             - &amp;lt;k&amp;gt;  for /k/ sounds in all instances --&amp;gt; ''kanot, konsekraet, detrakt''&lt;br /&gt;
             - /ð/ is spelled as &amp;lt;dh&amp;gt; as in ''dhis'' &lt;br /&gt;
             - final &amp;lt;e&amp;gt; is dropped in words such as ''sens''&lt;br /&gt;
 - StE spelling gives preference to etymological spellings --&amp;gt; causes inter-linguistic intelligibility&lt;br /&gt;
 - Scots spelling is similar to StE spelling but there are some Scottish conventions such as &amp;lt;ui&amp;gt; for fronted /(j)y/&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Magdalena.Maratova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=English_in_Great_Britain_since_1700&amp;diff=18887</id>
		<title>English in Great Britain since 1700</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=English_in_Great_Britain_since_1700&amp;diff=18887"/>
		<updated>2015-04-18T19:30:05Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Magdalena.Maratova: Založena nová stránka s textem „=== 2.	Comment on the history of English spelling reforms. What and how were they trying to accomplish. What were their results ===  - Spelling conventions…“&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;=== 2.	Comment on the history of English spelling reforms. What and how were they trying to accomplish. What were their results ===&lt;br /&gt;
 - Spelling conventions of ModE different from EModE&lt;br /&gt;
 - The accepted changes were the following:&lt;br /&gt;
             - Lower case letters for all but proper nouns, adjectives and verbs ''(Britain, Welsh, Anglicize'')&lt;br /&gt;
             - The “long” &amp;lt;ɾ&amp;gt; as in “ɾpeech” disappeared&lt;br /&gt;
             - The &amp;lt;k&amp;gt; at the ends of words like Teutonick disappeared too&lt;br /&gt;
 - Variety of movements which wanted to change English ortography:&lt;br /&gt;
             - wanted the one-to-one relationship between phoneme and letters in the alphabet&lt;br /&gt;
             - alphabetic principle was more or less maintained (except for Pitman shorthand and Lodwick's Universal        Alphabet)&lt;br /&gt;
 - &amp;quot;New Spelling&amp;quot; by Simplified Spelling Society of Great Britain:&lt;br /&gt;
             - &amp;lt;k&amp;gt;  for /k/ sounds in all instances --&amp;gt; ''kanot, konsekraet, detrakt''&lt;br /&gt;
             - /ð/ is spelled as &amp;lt;dh&amp;gt; as in ''dhis'' &lt;br /&gt;
             - final &amp;lt;e&amp;gt; is dropped in words such as ''sens''&lt;br /&gt;
 - StE spelling gives preference to etymological spellings --&amp;gt; causes inter-linguistic intelligibility&lt;br /&gt;
 - Scots spelling is similar to StE spelling but there are some Scottish conventions such as &amp;lt;ui&amp;gt; for fronted /(j)y/&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Magdalena.Maratova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Middle_English:_the_non-standard_period&amp;diff=11783</id>
		<title>Middle English: the non-standard period</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Middle_English:_the_non-standard_period&amp;diff=11783"/>
		<updated>2014-12-07T16:17:31Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Magdalena.Maratova: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''1.	What were the specific roles of English and French in the Early ME society?'''  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Context: 1066 Battle of Hastings → William the Conqueror  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
→ English Nobles replaced by Normans- the leaders= most influential sector of society &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Most of the Church leaders French as well &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- but mass of the inhabitants of England= English-speaking peasants  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
French- language of upper class for more than 200 years &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Marked class more than national identity &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- French used in writing  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Bilingualism (French landowners in isolated areas, Engl. /Fr. intermarriages among lesser nobility)   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
→ French used on the top and English on the bottom of the social scale&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''2. What were the major factors for re-emergence of English in the Early ME period?'''&lt;br /&gt;
* 1234 - bishop protest at Winchester = dismissal of foreigners&lt;br /&gt;
** dind't last long, soon returned but there were tensions&lt;br /&gt;
** 1258 - Henry III - Provisions of Oxford&lt;br /&gt;
*** first proclamation since the Norman Conquest issued in French, Latin as well as English&lt;br /&gt;
*** meant to promote power-sharing between the barons and the king (recognition of parliament)&lt;br /&gt;
*** not accepted by the king = Barons' War (1258-1265)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Edward I&lt;br /&gt;
** most office-holders English&lt;br /&gt;
** changes in attitude towards English&lt;br /&gt;
*** knowledge of English = mark of an Englishman&lt;br /&gt;
*** English common language in all parts of the population (due to the merge of Norman French with the native population)&lt;br /&gt;
*** ''Of Arthur and of Merlin'' (before 1325) (translated): But every Englishman knows English./ Many a noble I have seen/ Who could not speak French.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* consequences&lt;br /&gt;
** decline of French - there were attempts to hold this decline&lt;br /&gt;
*** University of Oxford forced students to learn both English and French&lt;br /&gt;
*** Canterbury and Westminster novices forbidden to use English&lt;br /&gt;
*** French a foreign language&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* English as a written language, the use of English in courts and Parliament established in the middle of the 14th century&lt;br /&gt;
* 15th century - English in private and public use; French still present in the Court and upper class&lt;br /&gt;
'''6. Sum up the main changes to English orthography in the Early ME period and explain their origins. '''&lt;br /&gt;
* the first orthographic system connected with West Saxon was still used but grew outdated &lt;br /&gt;
* new conventions began to shift → French influence &lt;br /&gt;
* even though there were general effects of the changes no standard emerged in the early ME  &lt;br /&gt;
* Changes: &lt;br /&gt;
** Non-Latin letters in disuse o&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;ʒ&amp;gt; → &amp;lt;g&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;i&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;ð&amp;gt; replaced by &amp;lt;th&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*** &amp;lt;ae&amp;gt; interchanged with &amp;lt;a&amp;gt; or &amp;lt;e&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
**  &amp;lt;u; uu; w&amp;gt; are now used instead of Wynn &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;y&amp;gt; used as a consonant for &amp;lt;j&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
**  &amp;lt;ʒ&amp;gt; fully retired&lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;k&amp;gt; began to be used especially where &amp;lt;c&amp;gt; + &amp;lt;e; i&amp;gt; would lead to misinterpreation as &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;s&amp;gt; instead of &amp;lt;k&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
** OE grapheme combinantion &amp;lt;hw&amp;gt; →&amp;lt;wh&amp;gt; → thanks to the influence which used &amp;lt;h&amp;gt; as a diacritic in combinations such as -th, -ch etc. &lt;br /&gt;
** in North and East Anglia &amp;lt;qu; u&amp;gt; and east Midlands &amp;lt;w&amp;gt; were also used for &amp;lt;hw&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
** &amp;lt;c&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;sc&amp;gt; were replaced by French &amp;lt;ch&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;sch&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
* Changes in vowels: &lt;br /&gt;
** more challenging because of the great variety of pronunciations &lt;br /&gt;
** OE /y/ → &amp;lt;e&amp;gt; in Southeast BUT! in Soutwest rounding was reatained → the French&amp;lt;u; ui; uy&amp;gt; occured &lt;br /&gt;
** high back rounded /uː/ was spelled as &amp;lt;ou&amp;gt; in French fashion &lt;br /&gt;
** OE raising of /a/ led to the use of &amp;lt;o&amp;gt; or &amp;lt;oo&amp;gt;  &lt;br /&gt;
* Ormulum o&lt;br /&gt;
** 12th century East Midlands work; poetry; it wasn't praised because of its quality (used 15 beats iambic pentameter and it didn't rhyme) provides evidence of Old Norse in ME; includes English-Danish couplets &lt;br /&gt;
** the use of spelling indicates the author's pronunciation : &lt;br /&gt;
*** short and long vowels are differentiated here &lt;br /&gt;
*** short vowels - followed by double consonant-letters:follc &lt;br /&gt;
*** long vowels - followed by only one consonants letters:god &lt;br /&gt;
*** such differentiation also indicates that this OE concept was lost&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Magdalena.Maratova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Middle_English:_the_non-standard_period&amp;diff=11782</id>
		<title>Middle English: the non-standard period</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Middle_English:_the_non-standard_period&amp;diff=11782"/>
		<updated>2014-12-07T16:12:01Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Magdalena.Maratova: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''1.	What were the specific roles of English and French in the Early ME society?'''  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Context: 1066 Battle of Hastings → William the Conqueror  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
→ English Nobles replaced by Normans- the leaders= most influential sector of society &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Most of the Church leaders French as well &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- but mass of the inhabitants of England= English-speaking peasants  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
French- language of upper class for more than 200 years &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Marked class more than national identity &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- French used in writing  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Bilingualism (French landowners in isolated areas, Engl. /Fr. intermarriages among lesser nobility)   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
→ French used on the top and English on the bottom of the social scale&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''2. What were the major factors for re-emergence of English in the Early ME period?'''&lt;br /&gt;
* 1234 - bishop protest at Winchester = dismissal of foreigners&lt;br /&gt;
** dind't last long, soon returned but there were tensions&lt;br /&gt;
** 1258 - Henry III - Provisions of Oxford&lt;br /&gt;
*** first proclamation since the Norman Conquest issued in French, Latin as well as English&lt;br /&gt;
*** meant to promote power-sharing between the barons and the king (recognition of parliament)&lt;br /&gt;
*** not accepted by the king = Barons' War (1258-1265)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* Edward I&lt;br /&gt;
** most office-holders English&lt;br /&gt;
** changes in attitude towards English&lt;br /&gt;
*** knowledge of English = mark of an Englishman&lt;br /&gt;
*** English common language in all parts of the population (due to the merge of Norman French with the native population)&lt;br /&gt;
*** ''Of Arthur and of Merlin'' (before 1325) (translated): But every Englishman knows English./ Many a noble I have seen/ Who could not speak French.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* consequences&lt;br /&gt;
** decline of French - there were attempts to hold this decline&lt;br /&gt;
*** University of Oxford forced students to learn both English and French&lt;br /&gt;
*** Canterbury and Westminster novices forbidden to use English&lt;br /&gt;
*** French a foreign language&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* English as a written language, the use of English in courts and Parliament established in the middle of the 14th century&lt;br /&gt;
* 15th century - English in private and public use; French still present in the Court and upper class&lt;br /&gt;
6.Sum up the main changes to English orthography in the Early ME period and explain their origins. •	the first orthographic system connected with West Saxon was still used but grew outdated •	new conventions began to shift → French influence •	even though there were general effects of the changes no standard emerged in the early ME  Changes: •	Non Latin letters in disuse o	&amp;lt;ʒ&amp;gt; → &amp;lt;g&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;i&amp;gt; o	&amp;lt;p&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;ð&amp;gt; replaced by &amp;lt;th&amp;gt; o	&amp;lt;ae&amp;gt; interchanged with &amp;lt;a&amp;gt; or &amp;lt;e&amp;gt; •	&amp;lt;u; uu; w&amp;gt; are now used instead of Wynn &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; •	&amp;lt;y&amp;gt; used as a consonant for &amp;lt;j&amp;gt; •	&amp;lt;ʒ&amp;gt; fully retirád •	&amp;lt;k&amp;gt; began to be used especially where &amp;lt;c&amp;gt; + &amp;lt;e; i&amp;gt; would lead to misinterpreation as &amp;lt;s&amp;gt; instead of &amp;lt;k&amp;gt; •	OE grapheme combinantion &amp;lt;hw&amp;gt; →&amp;lt;wh&amp;gt; → thanks to the influence which used &amp;lt;h&amp;gt; as a diacritic in combinations such as -th, -ch etc. •	in North and East Anglia &amp;lt;qu; u&amp;gt; and east Midlands &amp;lt;w&amp;gt; were also used for &amp;lt;hw&amp;gt; •	&amp;lt;c&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;sc&amp;gt; were replaced by French &amp;lt;ch&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;sch&amp;gt;  Changes in vowels: •	more challenging because of the great variety of pronunciations •	OE /y/ → &amp;lt;e&amp;gt; in Southeast BUT! in Soutwest rounding was reatained → the French&amp;lt;u; ui; uy&amp;gt; occured •	high back rounded /uː/ was spelled as &amp;lt;ou&amp;gt; in French fashion •	OE raising of /a/ led to the use of &amp;lt;o&amp;gt; or &amp;lt;oo&amp;gt;  Ormulum o	12th century East Midlands work; poetry; it wasn't praised because of its quality (used 15 beats iambic pentameter and it didn't rhyme) o	provides evidence of Old Norse in ME; includes English-Danish couplets o	the use of spelling indicates the author's pronunciation &amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;: 	short and long vowels are differentiated here 	short vowels - followed by double consonant-letters:follc 	long vowels - followed by only one consonants letters:god 	such differentiation also indicates that this OE concept was lost&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Magdalena.Maratova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
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