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	<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&amp;feedformat=atom&amp;user=Petra.Jirmusova</id>
	<title>Wikisofia - Příspěvky uživatele [cs]</title>
	<link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&amp;feedformat=atom&amp;user=Petra.Jirmusova"/>
	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:P%C5%99%C3%ADsp%C4%9Bvky/Petra.Jirmusova"/>
	<updated>2026-05-11T18:12:55Z</updated>
	<subtitle>Příspěvky uživatele</subtitle>
	<generator>MediaWiki 1.33.0</generator>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Sound_Change&amp;diff=19298</id>
		<title>Sound Change</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Sound_Change&amp;diff=19298"/>
		<updated>2015-04-28T21:04:52Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Petra.Jirmusova: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''1. Explain the so‐called regularity principle (“Neogrammarian hypothesis”).  '''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-the Neogrammarians (beginning in about 1876, Germany)   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- a group of younger scholars who antagonised the leaders of the field at that time by attacking older thinking and loudly proclaiming their own views  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- the early Neogrammarians included Karl Brugmann, Berthold Delbriick, August Leskien, Hermann Osthoff, Hermann Paul etc.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-their slogan: sound laws suffer no exceptions → the assumption that sound chage is regular = the change takes place whenever the sound or sounds which undergo the change are found in the circumstances or environments that condition the change   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ex. In Spanish, p-&amp;gt;b when intervocalic (no exceptions - sound change is not arbitrary)  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- the regular sound changes are of high significance in historical linguistics - they are extremely important to the methods and theories about language change&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''2. Explain the difference between the following sound changes:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Sporandic / Regular'''''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sporandic = affects only a few words, not the entire language; the change is unpredictable. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ex. OE spræc =&amp;gt; PDE speech. Loss of r is not general – spring, spree etc. retain it&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Regular = apply throughout language; are predictable&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ex. In Spanish, p changes into b when intervocalic&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Conditioned/Unconditioned'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Conditioned sound change = dependent on certain contexts and affects only some of the sound’s occurrences. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ex. In Spanish, p changes into b when intervocalic&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unconditioned sound change = occurs generally and is not dependent on the phonetic context or restricted by neighbouring sounds&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ex. P at the beginning of words = p.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Phonemic/phonological and Non‐phonemic/phonetic'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Non-phonemic (allophonic change) do not alter the total number of phonemes in the language =&amp;gt; non-phonemic shift = change in pronunciation (phonetic level), but no changes in phonemic level.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Phonemic = change the structural organization of the inventory of sounds – adds/deletes phonemes/basic sounds in the langauge&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''4. Explain the following concepts:'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Assimilation'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- one sound becomes more similar to another --&amp;gt; the influence of a neighbouring, usually adjacent, sound&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- dichotomies: total-partial, contact-distant, regressive-progressive&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- total  - the soundbecomes identical to another by taking on all of its phonetic features&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- partial - the assimilating sound acquires some traits of another, but does not become fully identical to it&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-regressive - the sound that undergoes the change comes earlier in the word (more to the left) than the sound which causes or conditions the assimilation&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- progressive - affects the sounds which come later in the word than the conditioning environment&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
contact - the sounds are immediately adjacent&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
distant - non-adjacent&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
a) total contact regressive assimilation: Latin octo &amp;gt; Italian otto (eight), noctem &amp;gt; notte (night)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
b) total contact progressive assimilation: PIE *kolnis &amp;gt; Latin collis (hill); PG *hulnis &amp;gt; OE hyll &amp;gt; ModE hill; OE myln &amp;gt; ModE mill&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
c) partial contact regressive assimilation&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
d) partial contact progressive assimilation&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
e) distant assimilation&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Chain shift'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- interconnected changes with far-reaching impact on the overall phonological system of the language&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- often attributed to notions such as &amp;quot;symmetry in phonemic inventories&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;naturalness&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;markedness&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;maximum differentiation&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;a tendency for holes in phonological patterns to be filled&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
the general idea: sound systems tend to be symmetrical or natural, and those that are not (with gaps in the inventory(, tend to change to make them symmetrical or natural (to fill the gap) --&amp;gt; a change which fills one gap may create other gaps elsewhere in the system -&amp;gt; other changes towards symmetry&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- 2 types: pull chains x push chains&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- a pull chain: one change may create a hole in the phonemic pattern which is followed by another change which fills the hole by &amp;quot;pulling&amp;quot; some sounds from somewhere else in the system and changing that sound to fit the needs of symmetry --&amp;gt; the sound which shifted to fill the original hole in the patterns leaves a new hole elsewhere in the pattern --&amp;gt; some other change may &amp;quot;pull&amp;quot; some other sounds to fill that gap&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- a push chain: notion that languages (or their speakers) want to maintain difference between sounds in the system in order to facilitate understanding, the processing of what is heard. A sound starts changing by moving into the articulatory space of another sounds --&amp;gt; change where the sound moves away from the encroaching one in order to maintain distinctions important to meaning --&amp;gt; if the sound is pushed towards articulatory space of some other sound, then it may shift to avoid the encroachment&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Apocope (tata &amp;gt; tat)'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- loss of a sound, usually a vowel, at the end of a word&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- OE vs PDE nouns sticca&amp;gt; stick, sunu &amp;gt; son, mona &amp;gt; moon&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Syncope (atata &amp;gt; atta)'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- the loss of a vowel from interior of a word&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- in many varieties of English = fam(i)ly, mem(o)ry&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
- Vulgar Latin &amp;gt; Western Romance languages = the unstressed vowels other than a lost in the interior of words three syllables long or longer (pópulu &amp;gt; poplV-, French peuple, English people)&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Petra.Jirmusova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Bad&amp;diff=9767</id>
		<title>Bad</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Bad&amp;diff=9767"/>
		<updated>2014-11-27T09:20:32Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Petra.Jirmusova: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Bad (adj.)'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Form'''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;bad.&amp;quot; The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 26 Nov 2014. http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/14540&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 ME: badd, badde, bad&lt;br /&gt;
Comparative ME– badder &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Superlative ME –baddest&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Common in the 14c-18c, but yielded to comparative worse and superlative worst.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Origin'''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;bad.&amp;quot; Online Etymology Dictionary. Harper, Douglas. 26 Nov 2014 http://www.etymonline.com/&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Uncertain; possibly from Old English derogatory term bæddeland and its diminutive bædling &amp;quot;effeminate man, hermaphrodite, pederast,&amp;quot; probably related to bædan &amp;quot;to defile.&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Meaning'''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;bad&amp;quot; The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 26 Nov 2014.http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/14540&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
-	inferior in quality;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	wicked, evil, vicious; (esp. 13c.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	in a privative sense: not good&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	containing or characterized by errors, faulty;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	lacking or failing to conform to moral virtue, immoral;&lt;br /&gt;
-	with reference to sickness, injury, or unhappiness;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	in ill health, unwell, poorly, sick; suffering from disease or injury&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''&lt;br /&gt;
'''Semantic shift''''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;bad&amp;quot; The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 26 Nov 2014.http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/14540&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	from the '''derogatory''' meaning, bad used as a general term of '''approbation''': good, excellent, impressive; esp. stylish or attractive which might have emerged from the ambivalence of expressions like bad nigger, used as a term of reproach by whites&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''References&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Petra.Jirmusova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Bad&amp;diff=9762</id>
		<title>Bad</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Bad&amp;diff=9762"/>
		<updated>2014-11-27T09:05:44Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Petra.Jirmusova: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Bad (adj.)'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Form'''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;bad.&amp;quot; The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 26 Nov 2014.http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/14540&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 ME: badd, badde, bad&lt;br /&gt;
Comparative ME– badder &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Superlative ME –baddest&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Common in the 14c-18c, but yielded to comparative worse and superlative worst.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Origin'''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;bad.&amp;quot; Online Etymology Dictionary. Harper, Douglas. 26 Nov 2014 http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&amp;amp;search=bad&amp;amp;searchmode=none&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Uncertain; possibly from Old English derogatory term bæddeland and its diminutive bædling &amp;quot;effeminate man, hermaphrodite, pederast,&amp;quot; probably related to bædan &amp;quot;to defile.&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Meaning'''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;. &amp;quot;bad&amp;quot; The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 26 Nov 2014.http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/14540&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
-	inferior in quality;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	wicked, evil, vicious; (esp. 13c.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	in a privative sense: not good&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	containing or characterized by errors, faulty;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	lacking or failing to conform to moral virtue, immoral;&lt;br /&gt;
-	with reference to sickness, injury, or unhappiness;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	in ill health, unwell, poorly, sick; suffering from disease or injury&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''&lt;br /&gt;
'''Semantic shift''''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;bad&amp;quot; The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 26 Nov 2014.http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/14540&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	from the '''derogatory''' meaning, bad used as a general term of '''approbation''': good, excellent, impressive; esp. stylish or attractive which might have emerged from the ambivalence of expressions like bad nigger, used as a term of reproach by whites&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''References&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Petra.Jirmusova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Bad&amp;diff=9761</id>
		<title>Bad</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Bad&amp;diff=9761"/>
		<updated>2014-11-27T08:49:16Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Petra.Jirmusova: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Bad (adj.)'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Form'''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;quot;bad.&amp;quot; The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 26 Nov 2014 http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/14540&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 ME: badd, badde, bad&lt;br /&gt;
Comparative ME– badder &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Superlative ME –baddest&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Common in the 14c-18c, but yielded to comparative worse and superlative worst.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Origin'''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;bad.&amp;quot;  Online Etymology Dictionary. Harper, Douglas. 26 Nov 2014 &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&amp;amp;search=bad&amp;amp;searchmode=none&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Uncertain; possibly from Old English derogatory term bæddeland and its diminutive bædling &amp;quot;effeminate man, hermaphrodite, pederast,&amp;quot; probably related to bædan &amp;quot;to defile.&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Meaning'''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
-	inferior in quality;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	wicked, evil, vicious; (esp. 13c.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	in a privative sense: not good&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	containing or characterized by errors, faulty;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	lacking or failing to conform to moral virtue, immoral;&lt;br /&gt;
-	with reference to sickness, injury, or unhappiness;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	in ill health, unwell, poorly, sick; suffering from disease or injury&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''&lt;br /&gt;
'''Semantic shift''''&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	from the '''derogatory''' meaning, bad used as a general term of '''approbation''': good, excellent, impressive; esp. stylish or attractive which might have emerged from the ambivalence of expressions like bad nigger, used as a term of reproach by whites&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''References&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Petra.Jirmusova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Bad&amp;diff=9760</id>
		<title>Bad</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Bad&amp;diff=9760"/>
		<updated>2014-11-27T08:37:55Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Petra.Jirmusova: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Bad (adj.)'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Form'''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;bad.&amp;quot; The Oxford English Dictionary. www.oed.com 26 Nov 2014 http://www.oed.com.ezproxy.is.cuni.cz/view/Entry/14540?rskey=Nd0Vlx&amp;amp;result=2&amp;amp;isAdvanced=false#eid&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 ME: badd, badde, bad&lt;br /&gt;
Comparative ME– badder &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Superlative ME –baddest&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Common in the 14c-18c, but yielded to comparative worse and superlative worst.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Origin'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Uncertain; possibly from Old English derogatory term bæddeland and its diminutive bædling &amp;quot;effeminate man, hermaphrodite, pederast,&amp;quot; probably related to bædan &amp;quot;to defile.&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Meaning'''&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
-	inferior in quality;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	wicked, evil, vicious; (esp. 13c.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	in a privative sense: not good&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	containing or characterized by errors, faulty;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	lacking or failing to conform to moral virtue, immoral;&lt;br /&gt;
-	with reference to sickness, injury, or unhappiness;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	in ill health, unwell, poorly, sick; suffering from disease or injury&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''&lt;br /&gt;
'''Semantic shift''''''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	from the '''derogatory''' meaning, bad used as a general term of '''approbation''': good, excellent, impressive; esp. stylish or attractive which might have emerged from the ambivalence of expressions like bad nigger, used as a term of reproach by whites&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''References&lt;br /&gt;
'''&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Petra.Jirmusova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Bad&amp;diff=9749</id>
		<title>Bad</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wikisofia.cz/w/index.php?title=Bad&amp;diff=9749"/>
		<updated>2014-11-26T23:28:28Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Petra.Jirmusova: Založena nová stránka s textem „'''Bad (adj.)'''  '''Form'''   ME: badd, badde, bad Comparative ME– badder   Superlative ME –baddest  Common in the 14c-18c, but yielded to comparative…“&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''Bad (adj.)'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Form'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 ME: badd, badde, bad&lt;br /&gt;
Comparative ME– badder &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Superlative ME –baddest&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Common in the 14c-18c, but yielded to comparative worse and superlative worst.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Origin'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Uncertain; possibly from Old English derogatory term bæddeland and its diminutive bædling &amp;quot;effeminate man, hermaphrodite, pederast,&amp;quot; probably related to bædan &amp;quot;to defile.&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''Meaning'''&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
-	inferior in quality;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	wicked, evil, vicious; (esp. 13c.)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	in a privative sense: not good&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	containing or characterized by errors, faulty;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	lacking or failing to conform to moral virtue, immoral;&lt;br /&gt;
-	with reference to sickness, injury, or unhappiness;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	in ill health, unwell, poorly, sick; suffering from disease or injury&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''&lt;br /&gt;
'''Semantic shift''''''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-	from the '''derogatory''' meaning, bad used as a general term of '''approbation''': good, excellent, impressive; esp. stylish or attractive which might have emerged from the ambivalence of expressions like bad nigger, used as a term of reproach by whites&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''References&lt;br /&gt;
'''&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Petra.Jirmusova</name></author>
		
	</entry>
</feed>